Birkerts, Gunnar

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Gunnar Birkerts©ó1925¦~1¤ë17¤é¥X¥Í©ó©Ô²æºû¨Èªº¨½¥[¡A¥Lªº¤÷¿ËPeter Birkerts¡]1881~1956¡^¬O¤@­Ó§@®a¡B­õ¾Ç®a¤Î¥Á«U§@®a¡A¥À¿ËMerija Shop Birkerte¬O¦ì»y¤å¾Ç®a¡B¥Á«U®a¤Î¦Ñ®v¡C

©ó1943¦~¡A·íBirkertsÁÙ¬O¾Ç¥Í®É¡A¦b¨½¥[ªº²Ä¤@­Ó«Ç¤ºÅé¨|À]¸Ì¡ABirkertsªº±j¯P¤å¾Ç¯À¾i¡A¦Û¥ÑºB´nªº¤ß¯ÝÀ°§U¥L°µ¤F¤@­Ó¦­´Áªº¨M©w¥h°l¨D¦b«Ø¿v»â°ì¤ºªºÃÀ³N¡A©ó¤G¦¸¤j¾Ô´Á¶¡¡A©Ô²æºû¨È´¿³Q¼w°ê¦û¾Ú¡]1941~1944¡^¡A«á¨Ó¤S³Q«Xù´µ§]·À¡]1944¡^¡A¦]¾Ôª§ªºÃö«Y³y¦¨BirkertsÂ÷¶}©Ô²æºû¨È¨ì¼w°ê¡A¦bµu¼È°±¯d¦bBavariaªºNoerdlingen¤§«á¡A¦]¥L³Qµø¬°Ãø¥Áªº¨­¥÷¨Ï¥L¦³¸ê®æ©ó1945¦~12¤ë¶i¤J´µ¹Ï¥[¯S§Þ³N¾Ç°|´NŪ¡C´µ¹Ï¥[¯S§Þ³N¾Ç°|´¿¨ü¨ìPaul Bonatz¤§±j¯P¼vÅT¡CHeinrich Tessenowªº¼vÅT¤]¬OÅãµÛªº¡A¯S§O¬O³z¹LPaul Schmitthennerªº±Ð¾Ç¡C°|ªøRichard Doecker»PAdolph Schneck©Mµe®aWillie Baumeister¦b¤@°_¡A¬O¥]¯E´µ¶°¹Î¦¨­û¡A¦b¦h¦~¤£³Q±µ¨ü«á¦A¦¸§Î¦¨¡A«Ø¿v¾Ç°|³Q¸m©óWeissenhof Siedlung®Ç¡AWeissenhof Siedlung¦³µÛ³\¦h·í¥N«Ø¿v¦¨­ûªº«Ø¿v¨Ò¤l¡C

¦b´µ¹Ï¥[¯S§Þ³N¾Ç°|«Ø¿v¾Ç°|¡ABirkerts±qª`·Nwerklehre³Ì²³æ¨ì³Ì½ÆÂø±´¯Á«Ø¿vª«ªºª«®Æ©M§Þ³N¤¤Àò±o¬Û·í¦hªº±Ò¥Ü¡C¦b¾Ç¥Í®É¥N¡ABirkerts³QRolf Gutbrod²`²`©Ò¼vÅT¡ARolf Gutbrod¥L´¿¥D¾É³\¦h³]­p¤u§@«Ç¥H¤Î¾Ç¦ì©e­û·|¡C¦ý¬O³Ì«á¡A¥þ°ê¤Î¦a°ì©Ê«Ø¿v­×Ã㪺¥D¾ÉÅv³Q¥L¹ï©ó´µ³ôªº¯Çºû¨È©M¬ü°ê¾Ôª§®É´Á«Ø¿vµo®iªº¿³½ì©Ò»X½ª¡CBirkerts¹ïEliel©MEero Saarinenªº§@«~©Ò§l¤Þ¡C¥L¥¿¦¡ªº±Ð¨|©ó1949¦~12¤ë§¹¦¨¡A·í¥L®³¨ì«Ø¿v¾Ç¦ì«á¡A«K²¾¥Á¨ì¬ü°ê¡C

1949¦~12¤ë17¤éBirkerts©è¹F¯Ã¬ù¡A¥L¥ß§Y¶}©l´M§ä«Ø¿v¤½·|¡A®È¹C¦Ü±K¦è®ÚªºBloomfield Hills®É¡A©MEero Saarinen­±½Í¡A¦ý¥L©µ»~¤F®É¶¡¡Aµ²ªG¨ìªÛ¥[­ô¦bPerkins ¡®Will offices¤u§@¡A¦b¥L¬°³o®a¤½¥q¤u§@¤@¦~«á¡A³QÁܽЩMEero Saarinen¤u§@ªº¾÷·|´N¨Ó¤F¡C

1950¦~12¤ë¡ABirkerts©MSylvia Zvirbulis¦b¯Ã¿A¦èªº´¶ªL´µ¹yµ²±B¡A¥L­Ì¨|¦³¤T¤l¡GSven Peter¡AAndra Sylvia©MErik Gunnar¡C

Birkerts©ó1951¦~8¤ë¥[¤JEero Saarinen¦bBloomfield Hillsªº¤u§@«Ç¡A¦b¥L©ÒºÙ ”the Saarinen¦~¥N”¡ASaarinen¿n·¥¦a´M§ä«Ø¿v»{¦Pªº¦~¥N¡A¥L­P¤O©ó®ø°£³]­p¤H®æªº§G¸p¡A³\¦h³oÃþªº¤H¨ì¥L­Ì¤½¥q°ÑÆ[¡A­«­nªº¬O¡ABirkerts©M¥Lªº¦P¹±¦X§@¡A¥]¬A¤FKevin Roche¡AJohn Dinkeloo¡ACesar Pelli¡ACharles Bassett¡ARobert Venturi…µ¥¤H¡C”Saarinen¦~¥N?¦h¼Æ®É¶¡ªá¦b³]­p³q¥Î¨T¨®ªº§Þ³N¤¤¤ß¡AMilwaukee¾Ôª§¬ö©ÀÀ]¡AConcordia°ª¦~¯Å¾Ç°|©M¨ä¥L­pµe¡C©M¥L¤u§@«Ç¤º¤£¦Pªº¬O¡ABirkerts¶}©l¹ï®a¹¢ªº³]­p·P¿³½ì¡C

¦b1956¦~¡A¤s±T¹êÁܽÐBirkerts¥[¤J¥L­Ì¦b±K¦è®ÚRoyal Oakªº¤u§@«Ç¡ABirkerts³Q¤s±T¹êªº¬¡¤O¤Î¥Lªº»Ý¨D»·Â÷±Ð¸q©Ò¤Þ¾É¦Ó´M§ä¤HÃþ«Ø¿v¡ABirkertsÁp¦X¤u§@«Ç¥B«Ü§Ö¦a±N¥L±qSaarinen©Ò±oªº¸gÅç¥Î©ó§ó²`¤Jªº§Þ³N¤W±´°Q¡A¦b©³¯S«ßªºReynolds Aluminum Building´N¬O¥X©ó³o®É¥N¡C

©ó1957¦~¡ABirkertsÅܦ¨¤s±T¹ê¤u§@¬O³]­p³¡ªùªº­º¸£¡A¦b³o¤½¥qªº¤u§@¥]§t¤F½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¨Æ¥ý¦¨¦æªº²V¾®¤gÀ³¥Î©óµ²ºc¡®¥~Æ[ªº³]­p¡F³o¨Ç³]­p¥]¬A¤F¨F¯Q¦aªü©Ô§BªºDharan¾÷³õ¡A¦ì©ó©³¯S«ßªºWayne¦{¥ß¤j¾Ç±Ð¨|¾Ç°|¤j¼Óµ¥§@«~¡C

©ó1959¦~¡ABirkerts»PFrank Straub«Ø¥ßBirkerts¡®Straub¤u§@«Ç¦b±K¦è®Úªº§B©ú¨u¡A¥L­Ì²Ä¤@­Ó©e¥ô¤u§@¬OLafayette 1300¡A¤@­Ó¦b©³¯S«ßªº¤½´J¤j¼Ó¡A¤§«á¦b³o´Á¶¡¡A¥L¦b±K¦è®Ú³]­p¤F«Ü¦h§@«~¡C

·íStraub©ó1962¦~Â÷¶}³o®a¤u§@«Ç¡ABirkerts«Ø¥ßGunnar Birkerts Associates¤½¥q¡AµL¼Æªº¼ú¶µ¤Î³ø³¹Âø»x«P¨Ï³o®a¤u§@«Çªº¦¨¥ß¡C

Birkerts²Ä¤@¶¥¬qªº¿W¥ßÀç·~¡]1960~1970¡^»¡©ú¤F¥ÑSaarinen©M¤s±T¹ê©Ò¤ä«ù¤§½ÆÂø«Ø¿v¤¸¯Àªº¤ÏÀ³¡A¤jÁxªº³y«¬¡]the Schwartz house¡^¡AªÅ¶¡µ²ºc¡]Lafayette 1300¡^¡A³Ì¤Öªº²Ó¸`¡]University Reformed Church and Marathon Oil¡^¡A¼h¼hÀð¡]University Reformed Church and Lillibridge School¡^¡A©M³Ì­«­nªº¤º³¡ªÅ¶¡¤é¥ú¡]University Reformed Church and the Freeman House¡^¡A¬O¤@¨Ç¥L¸gÅç²Ö¿n¦Ó¨Óªº¦Ó¥B¤Ï¬M¦b¥L·sªº©e°U®×¤§¤¤¡A³o¨ä¶¡ªº§@«~¤]¥iµo²{¨üAlvar Aalto©MCarlo Scarpa¼vÅT¡C¤j³W¼Òªº­pµe¹³¦ì©ó±K¦è¦è¤ñªºTaugaloo¾Ç°|¡]1966¡^¡A¦b±K¦è®ÚªºGlen Oaks¾Ç°|¡]1966¡^¡A¥H¤Î¥ì§Q¿Õ¦{CarbondaleªºVocational§Þ³N¾Ç°|¡]1967¡^¡A¦b­ô­Û¤ñ¨È¯S°Ïªº­Û´°¤p¾Ç¥iµø¬°³o®É¨äªº¥Nªí§@¡C

¦bÄÝ©óBirkerts²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¡]1970~1980¡^¥i»¡©ú¸û¼e¼sªºBirkertsªº³]­p­õ¾Ç¡Cª÷ÄÝ©M¬Á¼þµ²ºcªº«Ø¿vª«§Þ³Nªº»Ý¨D²£¥Í¤F¤@¨ÇÃö©óÀJ¨è³Ì¤p«¬¦¡µM¦Ó±j¤j¥­­±ÃÀ³N·t³ëªº¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¡A³o¨Ç¥]¬A1970¦~¼w¦{¥ð¤h¹y·í¥NÃÀ³N³Õª«À]¡F1970¦~¯Ã¬ùSterling ForestªºIBM¹q¸£¤¤¤ß¡F1970¦~©ú¥§Ä¬¹F¦{©ú¨½¨Èªi¨½ªºÁp¨¹Àx³ÆÀç¦æ¡F1973¦~¯Ã¬ù¦{±d¹çªº¥«¬F®ø¨¾§½¡F1976¦~©ú¥§Ä¬¹F¦{Duluth¥«¥ß¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡F1976¦~¯Ã¬ù¦{±d¹ç¡]corning¡^ªº¬Á¼þ³Õª«À]¡CBirkerts´¿³]­p¤F¦h¼Ë¤Æªº­Ó®×¡A¥]¬A©v±Ð¡B¦í¦v¡B¤½´J¡B¿ì¤½«Ç¡B±Ð¨|«Ø¿v¡B»È¦æ¡B®T¼Ö³]¬I¡B³Õª«À]¡B¹Ï®ÑÀ]¤Î¤@¨Ç¤½¦@«Ø¿v¡C

¥L¨ä¤¤ªº¤@­Ó«È¤á¬ODomino Pizza¡A¥L¬°Domino¦b±K¦è®ÚAnn Arborªº¹A³õ°µ¤F¤@­Ó¥DÃD³]­p¡A¦Ó¥L¤]³]­p¤FDominoÁ`³¡¤j¼Ó¡]1986¡^©M³ÕÄý·|ªº«Ø¿vª«¡]1987¡^¡A¤Î¨ä¥L§@«~¡C¥Lªº°ê»Ú©Ê§@«~¥]¬A¦ì©ó©e·ç¤º©Ô¦@©M°êªº¥[©Ô¥[´µ¤§¬ü°ê¤j¨ÏÀ]¤j¼Ó¡F¦b¸q¤j§Q¦òù­Û´µªºNovoli Multi-Use Center¡A©Ô²æºû¨È¦@©M°êªº¨½¥[¤§National Library¤Î¸q¤j§Q«Â¥§´µªº¹B°Ê¤¤¤ß¡C

Birkerts¤@ª½¦£©ó«Ü¦hªº¯S§O­pµe®×¦p¥L³X°Ý±K¦è®Ú®É¬°¤Ñ¥D±Ð®{³]­p®a¨ã¡]1987¡^¥H¤Î°µ«Ü¦hªº«Ç¤º³]­p¡F¬°Holzman¡®Silvermanªº¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó³]­p¡]1989¡^¡A¦Ó¥L³o­Ó§@«~¦bwoodwork¤å³¹¤¤³QÄÄ­z¡C

¦ì©ó±K¦è®ÚªºSouthfieldªºIBM¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó¡]1974¡^¬O³]­p¤@­Ó°ª®Ä¯à¯à·½¸`¬Ù¤§ª÷Äݤj¼Ó¡A¾Ö¦³»PÀ𭱺û«ù³Ì¤Ö¤Õ»Ø¡A¨Ï¥Î¿O¥ú¤Ï®g»P¥~Àðªí­±¼g¹ê¦a©M©â¶H¦a»¡©ú«Ø¿vª«ªº¤Ó¶§¯à­pµe¡A¨ÒÃÒ¤FBirkertsªº«Ø¿vÆ[©À¤Ï¬M¤F¯à·½°ÝÃDªº±´°Q¡C

Birkerts°±¯d¦bù°¨¥iµø¬°¬O¤U¤@¶¥¬q¡A¤£Â_ªº´M¨D¦³·N¸qªº§Î¦¡¤Î¾A·íªºªí¹F¥H¤Î­«·s½Õ¬dª÷ÄÝ©M¦³¯q©ó»¡©ú«Øª«¤H®æ¤Æªº¨Ï¥Î¡A³\¦hºc·Q³£¬O¥L¯d¦bù°¨ªº´Á¶¡µo®i¥X¨Óªº¡A¥]¬A±d¹ç¡]corning¡^ªº¬Á¼þ³Õª«À]¡C

³\¦h¨Ò¤l¥i»¡©ú«Ø¿vª«¦p¦ó«¬ÀH¾÷¯à¦Ó¥Í¡A¦p1979¦~·R²üµØ¤j¾Çªk«ß¾Ç¨t¤j¼Ó©M1980¦~±K¦è®Ú¦{KalamazooªºFerguson Residence¡]Villa Ginny¡^¡A¥L¹ï©ó«Ø¿v¼W«Ø®×¦³¹L¤H¤§³B¡A³q±`³o¨Ç­Ó®×¬O¦b¦a¤Uªººc³y¡A¨Ò¦p¡G±K¦è®Ú¤j¾Ç¦bAnn Arborªºªk«ß¾Ç°|¡A±d¤Dº¸¤j¾ÇªºUris¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡A©Mªñ¦~¨Ó§¹¦¨ªº¸t¦a¤ú­ô¥[¦{¤j¾Çªº¹Ï®ÑÀ]¼W«Ø®×¡]1993¡^¡A³o¨Ç§@«~³£¬O±j½Õ¤º³¡ªÅ¶¡¡B¤é¥ú¨Ï¥Î¥H¤Îª«²z©M±¡½Õ¤WªºµÎ¾A¡C

Birkertsªº§@«~ºaÀò«Ü¦h³]­p¼ú¡A¦b¦~¹O¤C¤Q°ªÄÖ¤´«ùÄòµÛ«Ø¿vªº¤u§@¡C


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¥L¾á¥ô±K¦è®Ú¤j¾ÇThomas S. Monaghan«Ø¿v®v¾n®Õ±Ð±Â®É¡A´¿µoªí¤@½g¤å³¹”Building¡AProjects and Thoughts¡A1960~1985”¡A»¡©ú¥L¹ï¥¼¨Ó«Ø¿vªº¨«¦V¡G

¤U¤@¶¥¬qªº«Ø¿v¬O¼¦¼§¤HÃþºØ±Úªº¡A°l¨D½Õ©M¡B©M®®¥H¤Î¹ª»R¡A°l»{§Ú­Ì¤HÃþ¹L¥hªº¦¨´N¡A¨º¨Ç¬O¥i¾A¥Îªº©M¥i´£¨Ñªº¡A¤U¶¥¬q«Ø¿vºî¦X¹L¥h¤Î²{¦b¡Aºî¦X­õ¾Çªº¡B¸gÀÙªº©M²{¥N¬ü¾Ç­ì²z¨Ã¥B¥¦¤]³Q­pµe©ó¥¼¨Ó¡A¦Ó¥¦±N¥u¯à¥Ñ¥¼¨Ó¤Q¦~¸Ì¨Óµû»ù¡C¤U¶¥¬q«Ø¿v¬O²{¥N¹B°Êªº©µÄò¡AµL©ë§ô©ó»øµwªº³]­p²z½×©M¥ßÅ骺¤Î­õ¾Çªº±Ð¸q¡Aªí²{¤è¦¡ªº´÷±æ¤§«Å§i§Î¦¡¤Î¤è¦V¤£·|¬OijÃD¡A¨ä©Ò¦Ò¼{ªº¬O¦U­Ó³æ¿Wªº­Ó®×¡C

¤U¶¥¬q«Ø¿vªº¥D­n¤O¶q¬O³o¾A·íªºµo©ú¡A¨C­Ó°ÝÃD¦³¤@­Ó³Ì¾A·íªº¸Ñ¨M¿ìªk¡A¾A·íªºµo©ú©M¹L¥h¡B²{¦b¡B¥¼¨Óµ²¦X¤@°_¬O¦³®Äªº¡A¥¦¨¾¤î¥DÆ[³]­p²z½×©M¥ßÅé¯SÂIªº²£¥Í¡A¤p¤ßªº¿Ä¦X©M¤wµo®iªº³]­p¤èªk¾Ç¬O¤U¤@¶¥¬q«Ø¿vªº¤G¤j§U¤O¡C

³o²z½×¹³¬O¤@­Ó¤½¦¡¡A¥i±µ¨üµL¤î¹Òªº­«­nÆ[©À¤§µ²¦X¡A¦]¦Ó¥i¥H´£¨Ñ¸Ñµª¡A¦Pµ¥¬OµL¤î¹Òªº¡A¤£¥i¯à¦]®É¶¡ªº¼Wªø¦Ó³Q©ñ±ó©Î¨ú®ø¡A·í¥N¬O¥Ñ¾A·íªº­²·s¡A¹w¥ý¹ï·s¼é¥D¸q©Ò±a¨Óªº§Q¯q»Ý¨D¦Ó§ïÅÜ¡C


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1954¦~AkronÃÀ³N¾Ç°|¹{µ¹¥L¦~«×«C¦~³]­p®a¡C
1955¦~¡A©ó¸q¤j§QCantu©ÒÁ|¦æªº°ê»Ú®a¹¢¤ñÁÉ­º¼ú¡]³o¤ñÁɵô§P¥]¬A¤FAlvar Aalto¡BGio Port¥H¤ÎSven Morkelius ¡^¡C
1961¦~¡A¾á¥ô±K¦è®Ú¤j¾Ç«Ø¿v¨t§U±Ð¡C
1963¦~¡A¾á¥ô±K¦è®Ú¤j¾Ç«Ø¿v¨t°Æ±Ð±Â¡C
1969¦~¡A¦¨¬°±K¦è®Ú¤j¾Ç«Ø¿v¨t¥¿¦¡ªº±Ð±Â¡C
1962¦~¦bArt in America¥]¬ABirkerts¦b¥Lªº”¬ü°êªº¦~»´¦³¬°¤H¤h”¥ÑAda Louise Huxtable©Ò¿ï¥X¡C¸q¤j§QªºZodiacµû½×¥L¬O¦b¬ü°êªº¦~»´«Ø¿v®v¤§¤@¡C
1963 Progressive ArchitectureªºJohn Dixonµoªí¤j½g¦³Ãö©óBirkerts§@«~ªº³ø¾É¡A¨ÃºÙ¥L¬°”¤@­Ó´M¨D«Ø¿v­ì²zªº¤H”¡C
1965¦~¡A¯Ã¬ù«Ø¿v²z¨Æ·|ÁܽÐBirkerts°Ñ¥[¨ú¦W¬°”Forty Under Forty”ªº³ÕÄý·|¡C
1970¦~¡ABirkerts·í¿ïFAIA·|­û¡C
1971¦~Àò±oTausigma Deltaªº«Ø¿vª÷µP¼ú¤Î·í¿ïGraham°òª÷·|·|­û©MLativan«Ø¿v®v¤½·|ªººaÅA·|­û¡C
1975¦~ºaÀò¬ü°ê«Ø¿v®v¾Ç·|©MDetroit Chapterª÷µP¼ú¡C
1976¦~Àò¿ï¬°¦ì©óù°¨ªº¬ü°ê¾Ç°|³X°Ý«Ø¿v®v¡FÀò¿ï©Ô²æºû¨È«Ø¿v¾Ç·|ºaÅA·|­û¦Ó¥B«Üºa©¯ªºÀò±o¨ìBaltic °ªµ¥¬ã¨s¡C
1980Àò¹{±K¦è®Ú«Ø¿v¾Ç°|ª÷µP¡C
1981¦~ºaÀò¬ü°ê¤åÃÀ¾Ç·|¹{µoªºArnild W. Bunner¬ö©À¼ú¡]«Ø¿vÃþ§O¡^¡C
1982¦~¡A¤é¥»ªºYukio FutagawaµoªíGunnar Birkerts and Associates¤å³¹¡A¬O¤@
½g·¥«×±´°QBirkerts§@«~ªº±M¤å¡A¡]¦ñÀHµÛWilliam Marlinªºµû½×¡^¡C
1982¦~¡A±ß´ÁBirkerts¬O¥ì§Q¿Õ¤j¾Ç­»Âb®Õ°Ïªº«Ø¿v¤§Lawrence J. Plym Distinguishedªº±Ð±Â¡C
1984¦~²Ä¤@¦ì±K¦è®Ú¤j¾ÇThomas S. MonaghanÁ¿®y¾n®Õ«Ø¿v®v¡C


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International Furniture Competition ¡]Cantu¡A¸q¤j§Q/1955¡^
Dharan Airport ¡]¨F¯Q¦aªü©Ô§B/1957¡^
Lafayette 1300¡]©³¯S«ß/1959¡^
The Lincoln Elementary School¡]­ô­Û¥¬¥«¡A¦L²Ä¦w¨º¦{/1965¡^
Glen Oaks College¡]±K¦è®Ú/1966¡^
The IBM Computer Center¡]Sterling Forest¡A¯Ã¬ù¦{/1970¡^
Federal Reserve Bank¡]©ú¥§ªüªi¨½´µ¥«¡A©ú¥§Ä¬¹F¬w/1973¡^
The IBM Office Building¡]Southfield¡A±K¦è®Ú¦{/1974¡^
The Duluth Public Library¡]Duluth¡A©ú¥§Ä¬¹F¦{/1976¡^
Museum of Glass¡]±d¹ç¥«¡A¯Ã¬ù¦{/1980¡^
University of Michigan Law School Addition¡]Ann Arbor¡A±K¦è®Ú¦{/1981¡^
Library Addition at the University of California¡]¸t¦a¤ú­ô/1993¡^


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Dennis Sharp¡]1991¡^The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture¡ANew York¡GWhitney Library of Design
Joseph A. Wilkes¡ABobert T. Packard¡]1988¡^Encyclopedia of Architecture Design, Engineering Construction, Volume 1¡ACanada¡GJohn Wiley¡®Sons, Inc.