美國折衷主義樣式公共美術館之建築類型研究
A typological study
of the eclectic style art museums in the US
【關鍵字】
美國博物館時代、折衷主義樣式、美術館、公共性建築空間
American
museum period , Eclectic-style, Art museums, Public space
本研究針對美國十九世紀末二十世紀初折衷主義樣式美術館進行建築類型研究,範圍依據美國博物館時代的建設熱潮時間,因其美術館類型建築受社會政治經濟各層面影響,對照美國人口普查局的各城市人口排名資料,篩選社會綜合性發展層面較高的城市,擇 1860 年至 1920 年人口排名前二十之城市資料做交叉對照,取其聯集之城市作為初步案例來源的城市名單;另因 1950年是美國城市發展一個重要分水嶺,二戰結束、退伍軍人法案、改善基礎建設等社會的發展下城市間產生些微變化,並且此類型建築因時代推演於近期出現許多改擴建的實際案例與計劃,故擇1860 年至 2014 年人口排名前二十之城市資料與上述資料做交叉對照,取其聯集之城市納入案例來源的城市名單,以此增加案例的討論與分析。依據此區段的主要城市名單,以符合折衷主義樣式主建築及其具改擴建實例的美術館案例,進行資料收集與分析,例如以建築圖面來探討相關建築項目等進行各案例研究內容。
重點於主建築的建築樣式及其本身的相關發展上,主要劃分四大研究項目,分別為發展背景、區位、主建築建築樣式-整體造型、主建築空間序列-動線安排為主。發展背景部分,針對各案例的成立背景與建設起因做共通性探討與分析,得此類型建築之發展成因多為建設一城市文化中心為主的核心目的,卻也相對隱藏實質推動者貴族色彩的背景因子;區位分析部分,根據現況衛星圖與主建築位置做相互參照,得出此類型建築的區位特性上可分為六大類型,以位城市中心受基地限制的區位類型為主,回應城市核心建設目的;主建築建築樣式-整體造型部分,探討量體配置形式及立面形式兩大項,得知量體配置形式以矩形為基礎,多個矩形相互組合產生九大類型,以T型量體形式配置為主,並有四大內中庭配置類型,但內中庭的案例數占總案例僅約三分之一;主立面立面切割依照水平向度由下而上進行建築元素的探討,得出主立面入口形式可分六大類型及主立面兩側三大類型的造型樣式,分別以希臘羅馬神廟主入口類型和兩側窗框切割類型為主;最後,主建築空間序列劃分外部和內部空間序列進行探討,以參觀動線進行作業,得出外部空間序列可分六大類型,以街道廣場外部空間類型為主;內部空間序列大致可分入口空間、中堂大廳、後堂空間三大部分,其中中堂大廳為表現重點。
借由各案例四大分析項目的結果,進行綜合分析,借此探討相互關係與操作表現,並歸納出各自最具代表性的案例名單。首先,可得知回應城市文化核心建設的目的外,區位和量體配置間的相互影響程度低,以各自表現其主要形式為重;整體建築元素的操作表現上,以線性元素為主,幾何符號為輔且少裝飾性元素;主立面和量體間的互動強調主入口處,並且操作方式在於使用線性元素的視覺份量、方向和均值間隔上;內外部空間序列的形式表現上,著重視覺的延展性,以水平延展轉化到縱向延展上的空間過度。借由以上的綜合分析結果,美國折衷主義樣式美術館的場域精神為其對立的統一性表現,核心價值在於其圍塑公共性場所與凝聚社會意識的核心價值,並且表現社會政經實力和城市文化優越性,最終都透過主建築的整體建築形式來表現,線性元素的規劃創造幾何秩序感與視覺感知的變化,提升整體空間序列的精神性象徵意義,塑造儀式性、識閾性、神聖性的參觀動線三部曲。
【Abstract】
This study examined the typology of
eclectic-style art museums in the United States from the end of 19th to the
early 20th century. The research was conducted to locate eclectic-styled art
museums founded during the boom period of US museum construction. Because the
museum architecture was influenced by sociopolitical as well as economic factors,
the population data of various US cities were collected from the US Census
Bureau to select cities with higher overall social development. Data from the
20 most populous cities during 1860–1920 were cross-referenced to create the
list of the main case samples. 1950 was also a crucial time for many US cities
because it came only a few years after the end of World War II and the introduction
of the G.I. Bill and saw improvements to basic infrastructure and other social
developments, leading to minute variations between cities. Subsequent societal
progress and changes also led to actual construction and design cases and plans
to renovate and expand these museums. Thus, the 20 most populous cities during
1860–2014 were identified and those not included in the aforementioned list
were added to it. Doing so increased the number of case samples for discussion and
analysis, thereby enhancing the developmental plasticity of and related
background factors identified for these types of museums. Data were collected
and analyzed for case samples of museum that matched the criteria of having an eclectic-style
main building and having undergone actual building extension. An example of the
analysis was the use of architectural drawings to investigate relevant
architectural elements in the various case samples.
The research focused on the
architectural style and development of the main buildings, and was thus divided
into four major research areas: development background, location, the
architectural style of the main building (overall design), and the space syntax
and flow of the main building. For development background, the background
behind the establishment of representative cases and the reasons for construction
were investigated and analyzed for common factors. This revealed that these
buildings were often constructed with the core purpose of serving as the
cultural center of a city; however, the aristocratic background factors of
those people promoting these projects were often concealed. Analyses of the museum
locations were performed by using current satellite images of the cities and the
geographical position of the main buildings for cross-referencing. The features
of these building in terms of their location can be divided into six major
categories, the most dominant of which was being located in a city center and
covering limited space, echoing the development background of being core urban
structures. Two major aspects were identified in terms of main building
architectural style (overall design): massing and facade styles.
Regarding massing, sectional
analyses of the case samples’ building floor plans revealed that rectangles were
most commonly used in the building massing. The results of the interaction and
combination of multiple rectangles can be separated into nine major massing
categories, with T-shaped layouts being the most common. Four major types of
atrium configurations were observed, but these were relatively rare, with only
approximately a third of the cases including an atrium. Regarding façade style,
the overall expression of the facade structures were
explored by examining the elevation. Sectional analyses were also performed on
the main façades, and the architectural elements were examined in a horizontal
manner from the bottom up. The styles of the main façade entrances can be
divided into six categories, dominated by Greco-Roman temple entrance style,
where the sides of the main façades can be divided into three categories,
dominated by window frames flanking the main façade. Finally, the space syntax
of the main buildings was examined by investigating the space syntax of the
interior and exterior space of the museum, with the museum access routes used
as the basis for spatial ordering. The syntax space of the exterior regions can
be divided into six categories, most of which utilize exterior passages and
squares, followed closely by two others categories of squares. The syntax space
of the interior regions be broadly divided into the
entrance space, the main hall, and the back hall space, with the focus being on
the presentation of the main hall.
Using the results from the four
categories analyzed in each case study, comprehensive permutation analyses were
performed to investigate their interactions as well as expression in order to
determine the case sample that most accurately represented each category.
First, it can be seen that in addition to the buildings resonating with the
purpose of serving as the cultural center of the city, the degree of
interaction between location and massing is low, with each element focused on
expressing its own style. The overall use and expression of architectural
elements were predominantly based on linear elements, complemented by geometrical
symbols and very few embellishments. The interaction between the main façade
and massing emphasized the main entrance and manipulated the visual weight,
direction, and mean interval of linear elements. The styles and presentations
of space syntax inside and outside the museum focused on visual extension,
using the spatial transition created by transforming horizontal extensions into
vertical extensions. Overall, this comprehensive analysis revealed that the
spirit of eclectic-style art museums in the United States constitutes a
uniformed expression of opposition, with a core value of shaping and molding
public spaces and aggregating social consciousness. The museums also represent
the political and economic strength of society at large and superior urban
culture, all of which is expressed through the overall architectural style of
the main buildings. The use of linear elements creates a sense of geometrical
order and changes in visual perception, thus enhancing the spiritual symbolism of
the overall space syntax and incorporating ceremony, liminality, and reverence
into crowd flow.